OUTING CLASS REPORT
AT RATU BOKO AND PRAMBANAN TEMPLE
YOGYAKARTA
Presented by :
1. Ika wahyu widyastuti
1001033
2. M .yusuf 1001045
3. Rizka nikmatul 1001061
DEPARTMENT OF D III NURSING
STIKES KARYA HUSADA
SEMARANG
2012
APPROVAL
This report has been approved on :
Day :
Date :
Semarang , ..............2012
Approved
by,
The head of D III Nursing Department Coordinator of English Subject
Ns. Yunani, S. Kep, M. Kep, Sp. MB. Retno Apriliyanti, S.Pd.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Praise the presence of the Almighty that have a mercy, for guidance so that the writers can complete the
activities and this outing class report at
Ratu Boko and Prambanan Temple.
The writers realize
that this report is still in shortcomings and weaknesses. Therefore, criticism and suggestions
of the readers will be needed to the writers for the consummation of
this paper in the future.
The writer thank to:
1.
Allah SWT, who has been
giving the writers great loves, the best chance, and help and understand all
the writers need, thus the writers can be as right now, finishing this report
successfully.
2.
The writers’s beloved
parents, thanks for everything that
you have given to the writers, especially for your
amazing prayer and love.
3.
The writers’s lecturers in KARYA HUSADA Semarang, thanks for your knowledge.
4.
All of the people who
helped us to finish this report.
The
writters
are aware that
in the preparation of this report
is far from perfectness. The writers ask constructive advice and criticism for this report. Hopefully this
report may be
useful for us and the readers in
general.
Semarang, May 29th
2012
The Writers
TABLE OF CONTENT
COVER ....................................................................................................................
APPROVAL......................................................................................................... ....
ACKNOWLEDGMENT...................................................................................... ....
TABLE OF CONTENT............................................................................................
LIST OF APPENDIXES..........................................................................................
CHAPTER I
: INTRODUCTION..........................................................................
- Background of
the study...............................................................................
- The objective of
the study.............................................................................
- Significances of
the study..............................................................................
CHAPTER I : REVIEW
OF THE RELATED LITERATURE...............................
- Basic of the
study..........................................................................................
- Descriptif text................................................................................................
- Direct and
indirect Speech.............................................................................
CHAPTER III : METHOD
OF THE STUDY..........................................................
A. Design
of the report.......................................................................................
B. Subject
of trip................................................................................................
C. Time
of trip....................................................................................................
D. Technique for collecting data .................................................................
E. The
Progress of the trip.................................................................................
F. Guiding
Process.............................................................................................
G. Inhibiting
and supporting factors..................................................................
CHAPTER IV : CONCLUSION
AND SUGGESTION.........................................
- Conclusion.....................................................................................................
- Suggestion......................................................................................................
BIBLIOGRAFI ………………………………………………………………….
APPENDIXES…………………………………………………………………..
LIST OF APPENDIXES
1.
Descriptive Text
Ratu Boko and Prambanan Temple
2.
Interview Script
Direct and Indirect
3.
CDR
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A.
Background
of study
Language is one part of the culture that exists in all societies in the world.
Language
consists of
spoken and written language.
As part
of the
culture
in which humans
play an important role,
the language
also
took part
in the
man's
role
because of its function
as a
communication tool
continues to
evolve
in accordance
with the development
of human
civilization
itself.
Because
part
of the
culture
and the
role
of humans
is
the
language
needs to
be preserved,
especially
in respocting use
of local languages
as
a symbol of
a
regional
identity,
community,family and the environment.
English is very important because English is the international language and English is the initial capital and the capital's best for us to face the global challenges, since English is the language used in the world.
English is very important because English is the international language and English is the initial capital and the capital's best for us to face the global challenges, since English is the language used in the world.
Generally the tourists interested in Indonesia because of the beauty of the tourist sights and
hospitality of Indonesia it self, in the presence of tourists to Indonesia we
can use as a medium of learning.
the English language to communicate.tourists is one of the objects that
can help us hone English
language communication
Outing class itself is
an activity that is done outside of the classroom to increase student knowledge
and skills especially in English. Outing class activity is expected that students have
direct experience and can practice and measure the ability to speak english to
support how to communicate each other.
B.
The objective of the study
1. To measure the level of English proficiency of the students
2. To
improve the quality of english language
competence of the students
3. To
practice how to communicate directly with tourists
,especially in the area of yogyakarta
4. To
add the experience of students in communicating directly with tourists .
C.
Significances
of the study
There are
several benefits
that exist in making
this statement
:
1.
For the students
To add the
knowledge of
English and
also
improve the
ability to
communicate using
English.
2.
For the
reader
The readers
will find information
and can add
useful knowledge.
3.
For the
writers
The writers became
more competent
and understand
how to write as well as experienced
during completing of this
outing class report.
4.
For the
institution
To improve the empowerment
quality of English in an institution and to add the reference of the English
language.
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE
A.
Basic
of the study
The annual program of Diploma III Nursing
Department of
STIKES Karya
Husada
Semarang,
that is directed to measure student’s competence.
B. Descriptive text
Take
from : Waltz,
Robert. "Text Types And Textual Kinship". A Site Inspired By: The
Encyclopedia of New Testament Textual Criticism. Retrieved 2011-03-05.
Based
on perception in space. Impressionistic descriptions of landscapes or
persons are often to be found in narratives such as novels or short stories.
a.
Purpose
Description
is used in all forms of writing to create a vivid impression of a person,
place, object or event e.g. to: • describe a special place and explain why it
is special • describe the most important person in your life • describe the
animal's habitat in your report Descriptive writing is usually used to help a
writer develop an aspect of their work, e.g. to create a particular mood,
atmosphere or describe a place so that the reader can create vivid pictures of
characters, places, objects etc.
b.
Language Features
Description
is a style of writing which can be useful for a variety of purposes: • to
engage a reader's attention • to create characters • to set a mood or create an
atmosphere • to bring writing to life.
c.
Language
Aims
to show rather than tell the reader what something/someone is like • relies on
precisely chosen vocabulary with carefully chosen adjectives and adverbs. • is
focused and concentrates only on the aspects that add something to the main
purpose of the description. • sensory description - what is heard, seen, smelt,
felt, tasted. Precise use of adjectives, similes, metaphors to create
images/pictures in the mind e.g. their noses were met with the acrid smell of
rotting flesh. • strong development of the experience that "puts the
reader there" focuses on key details, powerful verbs and precise nouns.
d.
Direct
and indirect Speech
1.
Direct or quoted
speech is a sentence (or
several sentences) that reports speech or thought in its original form, as
phrased by the first speaker. It is usually enclosed in quotation marks.
The cited speaker is either mentioned in the inquit (Latin "he
says") or implied.
Example :
§ He
said, "It's raining."
§ "It's
raining," he thought.
§ "It's
cold outside," he said, "and it's starting to rain."
§ "How
is the weather?" — "It's cold outside." — "Yes, and it's
starting to rain."
Comparison between
direct, indirect and free indirect speech
§ Quoted or direct
speech:
He laid down his bundle and thought of his
misfortune. "And just what pleasure have I found, since I came into this
world?" he asked.
§ Reported or
normal indirect speech:
He laid down his bundle and thought of his
misfortune. He asked himself what pleasure he had found since he came into the
world.
He laid down his bundle and thought of his
misfortune. And just what pleasure had he found, since he came into this world?
2. Indirect
speech
Indirect
speech, also called reported speech or indirect
discourse, is a means of expressing the content of statements, questions or
other utterances,
without quoting them explicitly as is done indirect speech.
For example, He said "I'm coming" is direct speech,
whereas He said he was coming is indirect speech.
In
terms of grammar,
indirect speech often makes use of certain syntactic structures
such as content clauses ("that" clauses,
such as (that) he was coming), and sometimes infinitive
phrases. References to questions in indirect speech frequently take
the form of interrogative content clauses, also calledindirect
questions (such as whether he was coming).
In
indirect speech certain grammatical categories are changed
relative to the words of the original sentence.For example, person may change as a result of a change
of speaker or listener (as Ichanges to he in the
example above). In some languages, including English,
the tense of verbs is often changed – this is
often called sequence of tenses. Some languages have a change
of mood: Latinswitches from indicative to
the infinitive (for
statements) or the subjunctive (for questions).
When
written, indirect speech is not normally enclosed in quotation
marks or any similar typographical devices for indicating that
a direct quotation is being made. However such devices are sometimes used to
indicate that the indirect speech is a faithful quotation of someone's words
(with additional devices such as square
brackets and ellipses to
indicate deviations or omissions from those words), as in He informed
us that "after dinner [he] would like to make an announcement".
Changes in form
In
indirect speech, words generally have referents appropriate
to the context in which the act of reporting takes place, rather than that in
which the speech act being reported took place (or is conceived as taking
place). The two acts often differ in reference point ( origo ) – the point in
time and place and the person speaking – and also in the person being addressed
and the linguistic context. Thus when a sentence involves words or forms whose
referents depend on these circumstances, they are liable to change when the
sentence is put into indirect speech. In particular this commonly affects:
§ personal pronouns,
such as I, you, he, we, and the corresponding verb forms (in pro-drop
languages the meaning of the pronoun may be conveyed solely by verb
inflection).
§ demonstratives,
such as this, that.
§ phrases
of relative time or place such as now, yesterday, here.
There
may also be a change of tense or other modifications to the form
of the verb, such as change ofmood. These changes depend on the grammar of
the language in question – some examples can be found in the following
sections.
It
should be noted that indirect speech need not refer to a speech act that has
actually taken place; it may concern future or hypothetical discourse; for
example, If you ask him why he's wearing that hat, he'll tell you to
mind your own business. Also, even when referring to a known completed
speech act, the reporter may deviate freely from the words that were actually
used, provided the meaning is retained. This contrasts with direct speech,
where there is an expectation that the original words will be reproduced
exactly.
Example :
Some examples of changes in form in
indirect speech in English are given below. See also Sequence of tenses.
§ It is raining
hard.
She says that it is raining
hard. (no change)
She said that it was raining
hard. (change of tense when the main verb is past tense)
§ I have
painted the ceiling blue.
He said that he had
painted the ceiling blue. (change
of person and tense)
§ I will
come to your party tomorrow.
I said that I would
come to his party the next day. (change
of tense, person and time expression)
§ How do
people manage to live in this city?
I asked him how people
managed to live in that city. (change of tense
and question syntax, and of demonstrative)
§ Please
leave the room.
I asked them to leave the room. (use
of infinitive phrase)
The
tense changes illustrated above (also called backshifting), which
occur because the main verb ("said", "asked") is in the
past tense, are not obligatory when the situation described is still valid:
§ Ed is a
bore.
She said that
Ed was/is a bore. (optional change of tense)
§ I am
coming over to watch television.
Benjamin said
that he is/was coming over to watch television.[5] (change
of person, optional change of tense)
In
these sentences the original tense can be used provided that it remains equally
valid at the time of the reporting of the statement (Ed is still considered a
bore; Benjamin is still expected to come over).
Take from :Loos,
Eugene E.; Susan Anderson; Dwight H. Day, Jr.; Paul C. Jordan; J. Douglas
Wingate. "What is direct speech?". Glossary of linguistic
terms. SIL International. Retrieved 2010-06-20.
CHAPTER III
METHOD OF THE STUDY
A.
Design
of the report
1) Library
We got some material to make the task of
finding the library with some English references contained in the library.
2) Interview
We
obtain
our
task
group
of
the interview.
3) Reporting
after
we
do the
interview
and we
recorded it
using a
voice
recorder,
and then
we made a
report on the
interviews
we have
carried out
to the
supervisor.
B.
Subject
of trip
1.
Ratu Boko
Jl. Raya Prambanan
- Piyungan
2 Yogyakarta
Indonesia 55571
2.
Candi Prambanan
Jl. Raya Jogya - Solo
Km 16 Prambanan Sleman, Yogyakarta 55571
C.
Time
of trip
|
TIME
|
ACTION
|
|
06.00 pm
06.30 pm
09.00 pm
12.00 am
12.15 am
13.30 am
15.30 am
16.00 am
16.30 am
17.15 am
18.30 am
20.00 am
20.30 am
23.45 am
|
gathered on campus STIKES KARYA HUSADA SEMARANG
went to Yogya
of Semarang
first stop at
a gas station
until the
first time yogya
toward the
first destination in the Ratu Boko
to the next
destination is the Prambanan Temple
we got out of
the Prambanan Temple
to the next
place is a restaurant for lunch as well as the evening meal
We went to
where the center-by yogya
to the next
destination in Malioboro
Malioboro to
get out of the way back to Semarang
heading home
for dinner
went back to
Semarang
ultimately returned to
destination in Semarang
|
D.
Technique for collecting data
1. Interview
prepare
a paper
and stationery
1.1
text prepared for the interview
1.2 note and record the results of
interviews
2.
Recording
2.1 Prepare the
camera
for an interview
or
tool
2.2 Prepare for the interview text
2.3 Record the results of
interviews
Mobile phone
E.
The
Progress of the trip
In the course of our departure there was no disruption of
traffic just stagnation causing the trip we were late to Yogya. In our yogja no disturbance during the
course of just a few of our friends who fell sick due to fatigue. And in our no way impaired so we survived until the goal
Semarang.
F.
Guiding
Process
1.
Pre action
Before we went
to our previous yogya guidance given by Mrs. Retno Apriliyanti and Mrs. Rikha
Fitriya Dewi. give us guidance for how to prepare the material before
interviewing tourists in Yogya, so we can prepare questions that will be in
buwat for Caucasians interviewed there.
2.
In Action
Moment in our
journey towards yogja still give guidance for how to tourists interviewed there
by the material already given in the guidance on the campus.
3.
Post Action
After
the return of
responsiveness to
Yogya
still
make
improvements
in
the task.
begin
each paragraph
to
improve
the final
task
for
the
task
of making
a new
acc
to
the value
for
the final semester
of English
4.
G.
Inhibiting
and supporting factors
1. Supporting factors
Because the writers friends can work together so that no obstacles in making the task
Because the writers friends can work together so that no obstacles in making the task
2. Inhibiting factors
Difficulty seeking tourists at Prambanan makes our group had to work hard to get tourists in Malioboro and we finally met with the tourists in Malioboro.
Difficulty seeking tourists at Prambanan makes our group had to work hard to get tourists in Malioboro and we finally met with the tourists in Malioboro.
CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A.
Conclusion
English is the universal language that is used as a
common language around the world ethnic groups, and therefore learn the English
language it is very necessary so that we can hang out internationally.
Techniques in studying the English language there are
different kinds of examples with class outing method is a method that puts a
good way of speaking that can be understood by a person who is a tourist in an
English-speaking foreign countries, including the method is a class outing as
the ultimate test for students to know how to practice the level of proficiency
in English with foreigners. outing class
is a method
of learning
English
language support
is
effective
because it can
directly
apply the
techniques
to speak English
with
foreigners
To facilitate the search for a foreigner to talk or
interviewed, a tourist attraction is the perfect place for tourists but also
for the many students can be used as a venue to relax their nerves on a daily
basis is used to lecture that racked his brains. Lecturers can observe whether
they are as successful in educating their students, as well as enhance the
ability of teachers in educating students to become better, is the most
beautiful if teachers can see their students can succeed in the English
language thanks to guidance.
More profound, that's the thing that impressed when I
do or take part in this class outing because it is not just a matter of
learning how to pronounce words correctly in English students also can see the
other side of this activity that students can mingle with the tourists and its
own can establish a good relationship between students with the stranger.
- Suggestion
1.
For the student
We hope
the students can take a lesson from all of the things that happen to make a
better example how good manners to talk to strangers, how to keep friends with
each other, how do I get information from a stranger with good and true.
2. For the Lecturers
We also expect Lecturers to
graciousness in the face of the troubled students, we are also still learning
how to face a problem that we do not know. To our beloved institution,
3. For the institution
we expect this event to be held again
in our class with a free and different objects like bali island.
BIBLIOGRAI
Ariswara; English
translation by Lenah Matius. third edition (1993). "Prambanan", pp.
26. Intermasa. Jakarta. ISBN
979-8114-57-4.
Loos, Eugene E.; Susan
Anderson; Dwight H. Day, Jr.; Paul C. Jordan; J. Douglas Wingate. "What is
direct speech?". Glossary of linguistic terms. SIL
International. Retrieved 2010-06-20.
W. Rotter / H. Bendl, Your Companion to English Texts: Comprehension
- Analysis - Appreciation - Production (Kollegstufe/Abitur/Universität),
München: Manz 1978, ISBN 3-7863-0299-5. pp. 91 – 102.
Waltz, Robert. "Text Types And Textual Kinship". A Site Inspired By: The
Encyclopedia of New Testament Textual Criticism. Retrieved 2011-03-05.
APPENDIXES
PRAMBANAN
TEMPLE
Candi Prambanan or Candi
Rara Jonggrang is a 9th-century Hindu temple compound
in Central Java,Indonesia,
dedicated to the Trimurti, the expression of God as the Creator (Brahma), the
Sustainer (Vishnu)
and the Destroyer (Shiva).
The temple compound is located approximately 18 kilometres (11 mi) east of
the city ofYogyakarta on
the boundary between Central Java andYogyakarta provinces.
The temple, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is the largest Hindu
temple in Indonesia, and is one of the largest Hindu temples in Southeast Asia.
It is characterized by its tall and pointed architecture, typical of Hindu temple architecture, and by the
towering 47-metre-high (154 ft) central building inside a large complex of
individual temples. One of the most majestic temples in Southeast Asia,
Prambanan attracts many visitors from across the world.
A. HISTORY
1. CONTRUCTION
Prambanan
is the largest Hindu temple of ancient Java, and the construction of this royal
temple was probably started by Rakai Pikatan as
the Hindu Sanjaya Dynasty's answer to the BuddhistSailendra Dynasty's Borobudur and Sewu temples
nearby. Historians suggest that the construction of Prambanan probably was
meant to mark the return of the Hindu Sanjaya Dynasty to power in Central Java
after almost a century of Buddhist Sailendra Dynasty domination. Nevertheless,
the construction of this massive Hindu temple signifies that the Medang court
had shifted the focus of its patronage from Mahayana Buddhism to Shivaist Hinduism.
A
temple was first built at the site around 850 CE by Rakai Pikatanand
expanded extensively by King Lokapala and Balitung Maha
Sambu the Sanjaya king
of the Mataram Kingdom. According to theShivagrha inscription of 856 CE, the
temple was built to honor Lord Shiva and its original name was Shiva-grha (the
House of Shiva) orShiva-laya (the Realm of Shiva). According
to Shivagrha inscription, a public water project to change the course of a
river near Shivagrha Temple was conducted during the construction of the
temple. The river, identified as the Opak River, now runs north to south on the
western side of the Prambanan temple compound. Historians suggest that
originally the river was curved further to east and was deemed too near to the
main temple. The project was done by cutting the river along a north to south
axis along the outer wall of the Shivagrha Temple compound. The former river
course was filled in and made level to create a wider space for the temple
expansion, the space for rows of pervara (complementary)
temples.
Some
archaeologists propose that the statue of Shiva in the garbhagriha (central
chamber) of the main temple was modelled after King Balitung,
serving as a depiction of his deified self after death.The present name Prambanan,
was derived from the name of Prambanan village where the temple stood, this
name probably being the corrupted Javanese pronunciation
of "Para Brahman" ("of the brahmins"),
doubtless an echo its heyday when the temple was filled with great numbers
of brahmins.
The
temple compound was expanded by successive Mataram kings such as Daksa and Tulodong with
the addition of hundreds of perwara temples
around the chief temple. Prambanan served as the royal temple of the Kingdom of
Mataram, with most of the state's religious ceremonies and sacrifices being
conducted there. At the height of kingdom, scholars estimate that hundreds
of brahmins with
their disciples lived within the outer wall of the temple compound. The urban
center and the court of Mataram were located nearby, somewhere in the Prambanan
Plain.
B. Abandonment
In the 930s, the court was shifted to East Java by Mpu Sindok,
who established the Isyana Dynasty. An eruption of Mount Merapi volcano,
located north of Prambanan in central Java, or a power struggle probably caused
the shift. That marked the beginning of the decline of the temple. It was soon
abandoned and began to deteriorate.
The temples themselves collapsed during a major earthquake in
the 16th century. Although the temple ceased to be an important center of
worship, the ruins scattered around the area were still recognizable and known
to the local Javanese people in later times. The statues and the ruins become
the theme and the inspiration for the Loro Jonggrang folktale. After the
division of Mataram Sultanate in 1755, the temple
ruins and the Opak River were used to demarcate the boundary between Yogyakartaand Surakarta (Solo)
Sultanates.
C. Rediscovery
The
Javanese locals in surrounding villages already aware of the temple ruins
existence, however they did not know the historical background about which
kingdoms or who was the king that commissioned the construction of such
monuments. As the result, the locals developed the tales and legends tried to
explain the origin of temples; infused with the myth of giants, the cursed
princess, and the wonderous origin of the Prambanan and Sewu temple ruins said
to be created by multitude of demons under the order of Bandung Bondowoso,
according to Loro Jonggranglegend.
The
temple officially caught the international attention in early 19th century. In
1811 during Britain’s short-lived rule of the Dutch East
Indies, Colin Mackenzie, a surveyor in the service of
Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, came upon the
temples by chance. Although Sir Thomas subsequently commissioned a full survey
of the ruins, they remained neglected for decades, with Dutch residents carting
off sculptures as garden ornaments and native villagers using the foundation
stones for construction material.
Half-hearted
excavations by archaeologists in the 1880s merely facilitated looting.
Reconstruction of the compound began in 1918, and proper restoration only in
1930. Efforts at restoration continue to this day. The reconstruction of the
main Shiva temple was completed around 1953 and inaugurated bySukarno.
Since much of the original stonework has been stolen and reused at remote
construction sites, hampering restoration and since a temple can be rebuilt
only if at least 75% of the original masonry is available, only the foundations
of most of the smaller shrines are now visible with no plans for their
reconstruction.
D.
EVEN
In
the early 1990s the government removed the market that had sprung up near the
temple and transformed the surrounding villages and rice paddies into an
archaeological park. The park covers a large area, from Yogyakarta-Solo main
road in the south, encompassing the whole Prambanan complex, the ruins of
Lumbung and Bubrah temples, and as far as the Sewu temple compound in the
north. In 1992 the Indonesian government created a State-owned Limited
Liability Enterprise (PERSERO) of PT Taman Wisata Candi Borobudur, Prambanan,
dan Ratu Boko. This enterprise is the authority for the park management of
Borobudur Prambanan Ratu Boko and the surrounding region. Prambanan is one of
the most visited tourist attraction in Indonesia.
The
open-air and indoor stages on the west side of the temple right across the Opak river, were built to stage theRamayana ballet.
This traditional Javanese dance is the centuries old dance
of the Javanese court, performed every full moon night in the Prambanan temple
since the 1960s. Since then, Prambanan has become one of the major
archaeological and cultural tourism attractions in Indonesia.
After
the reconstruction of the main temples in 1990s, Prambanan once again reclaim
its status as an important religious center for Hindu rituals and ceremonies in Java.
The religious significance revival of Prambanan was due to Balinese and
Javanese Hindu communities in Yogyakarta and Central Java that annually perform
their sacred ceremonies in Prambanan, such as Galungan, Tawur Kesanga, and Nyepi.
The
temple was damaged during the May 2006 Java earthquake. Early photos
suggested that although the complex was structurally intact, the damage was
significant. Large pieces of debris, including carvings, were scattered over
the ground. The temple was closed to visitors until the damage could be fully assessed.
Eventually, the head of Yogyakarta Archaeological Conservation Agency stated
that it would take months to identify the precise extent of the damage.However,
some weeks later in 2006 the site was re-opened for visitors. In 2008, 856,029
Indonesian visitors and 114,951 foreign visitors has visited Prambanan. In 6
January 2009 the reconstruction of Nandi temple finished. As of 2009, the
interior of most of the temples remains off-limits for safety reasons.
E.
THE
TEMPLE COMPOUND
Originally
there were a total of 240 temples standing in Prambanan. The
Prambanan Temple Compound consist of:
1.
3 Trimurti temples: three main temples dedicated
to Shiva, Visnu, and Brahma
2.
3 Vahana temples: three temples in front of
Trimurti temples dedicated to the vahana of
each gods; Nandi, Garuda, and Hamsa
3.
2 Apit temples: two temples located between the
rows of Trimurti and Vahana temples on north and south side
4.
4 Kelir temples: four small shrines located on 4
cardinal directions right beyond the 4 main gates of inner zone
5.
4 Patok temples: four small shrines located on 4
corners of inner zone
6.
224 Pervara temples: hundreds of temples
arranged in 4 concentric square rows; numbers of temples from inner row to
outer row are: 44, 52, 60, and 68
The
Prambanan compound also known as Rara Jonggrang complex, named after the
popular legend ofRara Jonggrang. There were once 240 temples
stood in this Shivaite temple complex, either big or small.Today, all
of 8 main temples and 8 small shrines in inner zone are reconstructed, but only
2 out of the original 224 pervara temples are renovated. The majority of them
have deteriorated; what is left are only scattered stones. The Prambanan temple
complex consists of three zones; first the outer zone, second the middle zone
that contains hundreds of small temples, and third the holiest inner zone that
contains eight main temples and eight small shrines.
The
Hindu temple complex at Prambanan is based on a square plan that contains a
total of three zone yards, each of which is surrounded by four walls pierced by
four large gates. The outer zone is a large space marked by a rectangular wall.
The outermost walled perimieter, which originally measured about 390 metres per
side, was oriented in the northeast, southwest direction. However, except for
its southern gate, not much else of this enclosure has survived down to the
present. The original function is unknown; possibilities are that it was a
sacred park, or priests' boarding school (ashram). The
supporting buildings for the temple complex were made from organic material; as
a consequence no remains occur.
F. Shiva temple
The
inner zone or central compound is the holiest among the three zones. Its the
square elevated platform surrounded by square stone wall with stone gates on each
four cardinal points. This holiest compound is assembled of eight main shrines
or candi. The three main shrines,
called Trimurti ("three
forms"), are dedicated to the three gods: Brahma the
Creator, Vishnu the
Keeper, and Shiva the
Destroyer.
The
Shiva temple is the tallest and largest structure in Prambanan Loro Jonggrang
complex, it measures 47 metres tall and 34 metres wide. The Shiva temple
encircled with galleries adorned with bas-reliefs telling
the story of Ramayana carved on the inner walls of thebalustrades.
To follow the story accordingly, visitors must enter from the east side and
began to perform pradakshina orcircumambulating clockwise.
The bas-reliefs of Ramayana continued to Brahma temple galleries.
The
Shiva shrine located at the center and contains five chambers, four small
chambers in every cardinal direction and one bigger main chamber in central
part of the temple. The east chamber connect to central chamber that houses the
largest temple in Prambanan, a three meter high statue of Shiva Mahadeva (the
Supreme God). The statue bears Lakçana (attributes or symbol)
of Shiva such as skull and sickle (crescent) at the crown, and third eye on the
forehead, also four hands that holds Shiva's symbols: a prayer beads, feather
duster, and trisula (trident).
Some historians believe that the depiction of Shiva as Mahadeva also meant to
personify king Balitung as the reincarnation of Shiva. So, when he died, a
temple was built to commemorate him as Shiva.The statue of Shiva stands on
lotus pad on Yoni pedestal
that bears the carving of Nāgaserpents on north side of pedestal.
The
other three smaller chambers contain statues of Hindu Gods related to Shiva;
his consort Durga,
the rishi Agastya,
and Ganesha,
his son. Statue of Agastya occupy the south chamber, the west chamber houses
the statue of Ganesha, while the north chamber contains the statue of Durga
Mahisasuramardini depicting Durga as the slayer
of Bull demon. The shrine of Durga is also called the temple of Rara
Jonggrang (Javanese: slender virgin), after a Javanese legend of
princess Rara Jonggrang.
G. Brahma and Vishnu temples
The
two other main shrines are that of Vishnu on
the north side of Shiva shrine, and the one of Brahmaon the
south. Both temple facing east and each contain only one large chamber, each
dedicated to respected gods; Brahma temple contains the statue of Brahma and
Vishnu temple houses the statue of Vishnu. Brahma and Vishnu temple measures 20
metres wide and 33 metres tall.
H. Vahana temples
The
other three shrine in front of three main temples is dedicated to vehicle (vahana) of the
respective gods – the bull Nandi for
Shiva, the sacred swan Hamsa for Brahma, and Vishnu's Eagle Garuda.
Precisely in front of Shiva temple stands Nandi temple which contains a statue
of Nandi bull, the vehicle (vahana) of Lord Shiva. Besides it, there is also
other statues, the statue of Chandra the god of moon and Surya the god of sun.
Chandra stands on his carriage pulled by 10 horses, and the statue of Surya
also standing on a carriage pulled by 7 horses.Facing Brahma temple is the
temple of Hamsa or Angsa (sacred swan). In the chamber of this temple contains
no statue. But it seems likely that there was once a statue of the sacred swan,
vehicle of god Brahma. In front of Vishnu temple is the temple dedicated for
Garuda, however just like the Hamsa temple, Garuda temple contains no statue.
Probably this temple once contains the statue of Garuda, the vehicle of Vishnu.
Garuda holds important role for Indonesia,
which serves as the national symbol of Indonesia, also to the
airlineGaruda Indonesia.
I. Apit temples and smaller shrines
Between
these row of main temple, on north and south side stands two Candi Apit.
Beside these 8 main temples, there's also 8 smaller shrines; 4 Candi
Kelir on four cardinal direction of the entrance, and 4 Candi
Patok on four corner of inner zone.
J. Pervara temples
The
two walled perimeters that surround the remaining two yards to the interior are
oriented to the four cardinal points. The second yard's walled perimeter, which
measures about 225 metres per side, surrounds a terraced area that consists of
four rows containing 44, 52, 60, and 68 pervara temples. Respectively, each
with a height of 14 metres and measuring 6 metres x 6 metres at the base, or
224 structures in total. The sixteen temples located at the corners of the rows
face two directions; the remaining 208 structures open to only one of the four
cardinal directions.
The
middle zone consists of four rows of 224 individual small shrines. There are
great numbers of these temples, but most of them are still in ruins and only
some have been reconstructed. These concentric rows of temples were made in
identical design. Each row towards the center is slightly elevated. These
shrines are called "Candi Perwara" guardian or complementary
temples, the additional buildings of the main temple. Some believed it was
offered to the king as a sign of submission. The Perwara are arranged in four
rows around the central temples, some believed it has something to do with
four castes,
made according to the rank of the people allowed to enter them; the row nearest
to the central compound was accessible to the priests only, the other three
were reserved for the nobles, the knights, and the simple people respectively.
While another believed that the four rows of Perwara has nothing to do with
four castes, it just simply made as meditation place for priests and as worship
place for devotees.
ARCHITECTURE
The architecture of
Prambanan temple follows the typicalHindu architecture traditions based
on Vastu Shastra. The temple design
incorporated mandala temple
plan arrangements and also the typical high towering spires of Hindu temples.
Prambanan was originally named Shivagrhaand dedicated to god Shiva. The temple was
designed to mimic Meru, the holy mountain the abode of Hindu
gods, and the home of Shiva. The whole temple complex is a model of Hindu
universe according to Hindu cosmology and
the layers of Loka.
Just like Borobudur,
Prambanan also recognize the hierarchy of the temple zones, spanned from the
less holy to the holiest realms. Each Hindu and Buddhist concepts has their own
terms, but the concept's essentials is identical. Either the compound site plan
(horizontally) or the temple structure (vertically) are consists of three
zones:
§ Bhurloka (in
Buddhism: Kāmadhātu), the lowest realm of common
mortals; humans, animals also demons. Where humans still binded by their lust,
desire and unholy way of life. The outer courtyard and the foot (base) part of
each temples is symbolized the realm of bhurloka.
§ Bhuvarloka (in
Buddhism: Rupadhatu), the middle realm of holy
people, rishis,
ascetics, and lesser gods. People here began to see the light of truth. The
middle courtyard and the body of each temples is symbolized the realm of bhuvarloka.
§ Svarloka (in
Buddhism: Arupadhatu), the highest and holiest realm
of gods, also known assvargaloka. The inner courtyard and the roof of each
temples is symbolized the realm of svarloka. The roof of the
Prambanan temples is adorned and crowned with ratna (sanskrit:
jewel), the shape of Prambanan ratna took the altered form
of vajra that
represent diamond. In ancient Java temple architecture, ratna is
Hindu counterpart of Buddhist stupa, and served as the temple's pinnacle.
During the
restoration, a well which contains pripih (stone casket) was
discovered under the center of the Shiva temple. The main temple has a well of
5.75 m depth in which a stone casket was found on top a pile of charcoal, earth
and remains of burned animal bones. Sheets of gold leaves with the
inscription Varuna (god
of the sea) and Parvata (god of the mountains) were found here. The stone
casket contained sheets of copper mixed with charcoal, ashes and earth, 20
coins, jewels,
glass, pieces of gold and silver leaves, seashells and
12 gold leaves (5
of which in the shape of a turtle, Nāgaserpent, padma, altar and egg).
Ramayana and Krishnayana
The temple is adorned
with panels of narrative bas-reliefstelling the story of Hindu epic; Ramayana and Krishnayana. The narrative
bas-relief panels was carved along the innerbalustrades wall
on the gallery around the three main temples.
The narrative panels
on the balustrade read from left to right. The story started from east entrance
where visitors turn left and moving around the temple gallery in clockwise
direction. This conforms with pradaksina,
the ritual of circumambulation performed by pilgrims who
move in a clockwise direction while keeping the sanctuary to
their right. The story of Ramayana started on Shiva temple balustrade and
continued to Brahma temple. On the balustrades in Vishnu temple there is series
of bas-relief panels depict Krishnayana, the story of lord Krishna.
The bas-relief of
Ramayana illustrate how Sita, the wife ofRama, is abducted by Ravana. The
monkey king Hanumanbrings
his army to help Rama and rescue Sita. This story is also shown by the Ramayana Ballet, regularly
performed at full moon at Trimurti open air theatre in west side of the
illuminated Prambanan complex.
Lokapalas, Brahmins and Devatas
On the other side of
narrative panels, the temple wall along the gallery were adorned with the
statues and reliefs of devatas and brahmin sages. The figure of lokapalas,
the celestial guardians of directions can be found in Shiva temple. The brahmin
sage editors of veda were carved on Brahma temple wall, while in Vishnu temple
the figures of a male deities devatas flanked by two apsaras.
Prambanan panel: Lion and Kalpataru
The lower outer wall
of these temples were adorned with row of small niche containing image of sinha(lion)
flanked by two panels depicting bountiful kalpataru (kalpavriksha)
tree. These wish-fulfilling sacred trees according to Hindu-Buddhist beliefs,
is flanked on either side by kinnaras or animals, such as pairs of birds, deer, sheep,
monkeys, horses, elephants etc. The pattern of lion in niche flanked by
kalpataru trees is typical in Prambanan temple compound, thus it is called as
"Prambanan panel".
THE RARA JONGGRANG
LEGENT
The popular legend
of Rara Jonggrang is what connects the
site of the Ratu Boko Palace, the origin of the Durga statue in
northern cell/chamber of the main shrine, and the origin of the Sewu temple temple
complex nearby. The legend tells of the story about Prince Bandung Bondowoso
who fell in love with Princess Rara Jonggrang, the daughter of King Boko. But
the princess rejected his proposal of marriage because Bandung Bondowoso had
killed King Boko and ruled her kingdom. Bandung Bondowoso insisted on the
union, and finally Rara Jonggrang was forced to agree for a union in marriage,
but she posed one impossible condition: Bandung must build her a thousand
temples in only one night.
The Prince entered
into meditation and conjured up a multitude of spirits (demons) from the earth.
Helped by supernatural beings, he succeeded in building 999 temples. When the
prince was about to complete the condition, the princess woke her palace maids
and ordered the women of the village to begin pounding rice and set a fire in
the east of the temple, attempting to make the prince and the spirits believe
that the sun was about to rise. As the cocks began to crow, fooled by the light
and the sounds of morning time, the supernatural helpers fled back into the
ground. The prince was furious about the trick and in revenge he cursed Rara
Jonggrang to stone. She became the last and the most beautiful of the thousand
statues. According to the traditions, the unfinished thousandth temple created
by the demons become the Sewu temple compounds nearby (Sewu means
"thousands" in Javanese), and the Princess is the image of Durga in the north
cell of the Shiva temple at Prambanan, which is still known as Rara Jonggrang
or Slender Virgin.
The Prambanan
Plain span between southern slopes ofMerapi
volcano in the north and Sewu mountain range in the south, near
the present border Yogyakarta province andKlaten
Regency, Central Java. Apart from the Lara Jonggrang complex,
Prambanan plain, valley and hills around it is the location of some of
the earliest Buddhist temples in Indonesia.
Not far to the north are found the ruins of Bubrah temple, Lumbung temple, and
Sewu temple. Further east are found Plaosan temple. To the west are found Kalasan
temple and Sari temple, further to the west are Sambisari
temple. While to the south the Ratu Boko compounds
on higher ground. The discoveries of archaeological sites scattered only a few
miles away suggested that this area was an important religious, political, and
urban center.
APPENDIXES
Introduction my name Ika and this is my friend yusuf,
rizka .We are KARYA HUSADA Health academy.We are condueting about why tourists
are interested to visit Indonesia expecially Yogyakarta .So ,we need forhgners
to became our respondents ,are you willing to be our respondent ms .
answer : yes ok
1. What is your name ?
Answer : Marioze
2. Where do you come from ?
Answer : holand
Belanda ,
3. Netherland
answer : yes
4. What is your occupation?
Answer : I am never any more . I am pensioner
5. From whom do you know this place ?
Answer : Holiday
6. How long have you been in Indonesia ?
Answer :Four week
7. What is your opinion about Indonesia culture ?
Answer: People other respect the people , very good
8. What do you think about yogya ?
Answer : Beautiful , To much batik
9. Do you no
Pekalongan ?
Answer : no
10. Pekalongan is batik city , and another
Answer : Is so much batik, I am surfeited.
OK THANK YOU
Nice conversation, nice to meet you………